LAWS OF SKILLS. (Its All About Youths Progress And Development)

LAWS OF SKILLS EPISODE 6

PROSACINATION

Procrastination is the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished by a certain deadline. It could be further stated as a habitual or intentional

delay of starting or finishing a task despite knowing it might have negative consequences. It is a common human experience involving delay in everyday chores or even putting off salient tasks such as attending an appointment, submitting a job report or academic assignment, or broaching a stressful issue with a partner. Although typically perceived as a negative trait due to its hindering effect on one's productivity often associated with depression, low self-esteem,guilt and inadequacy;

it can also be considered a wise response to certain demands that could present risky or negative outcomes or require waiting for new information to arrive.

From a cultural perspective, students from both Western and non-Western cultures are found to exhibit academic procrastination, but for different reasons. Students from Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid doing worse than they have done before or from failing to learn as much as they should have, whereas students from non-Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid looking incompetent, or to avoid demonstrating a lack of ability in front of their peers. It is also important to consider how different cultural perspectives of time management can impact procrastination. For example,

In cultures that have a multi-active view of time, people tend to place a higher value on making sure a job is done accurately before finishing. In cultures with a linear view of time, people tend to designate a certain amount of time on a task and stop once the allotted time has expired.

Various types of procrastination (such as academic/non-academic or behavioral / indecisive) have their own underlying causes and effects. The most prominent explanation in present literature draws upon "In temporal discounting, task averseness and certain personality traits such as indecisiveness and distractibility" as the common causes of procrastination.

A study of behavioral patterns of pigeons through delayed reward suggests that procrastination is not unique to humans, but can also be observed in some other animals. There are experiments finding clear evidence for "procrastination" among pigeons, which show that pigeons tend to choose a complex but delayed task rather than an easy but hurry-up one Prevalence

In a study of academic procrastination from the University of Vermont, published in 1984, 46% of the subjects reported that they "always or "nearly always" procrastinate writing papers, while approximately 30% reported procrastinating studying for exams and reading weekly assignments (by 28% and 30% respectively). Nearly a quarter of the subjects reported that procrastination was a problem for them regarding the same tasks. However, as many as 65% indicated that they would like to reduce their procrastination when writing papers, and approximately 62% indicated the same for studying for exams and 55% for reading weekly assignments.

A 1992 study showed that "52% of surveyed students indicated having a moderate to high need for help concerning procrastination." It is estimated that 80–95% of college students engage in procrastination, and approximately 75% consider themselves procrastinators.

A study done in 2004 shows that 70% of university students categorized themselves as procrastinators while a 1984 study showed that 50% of the students would procrastinate consistently and considered it a major problem in their lives.

In a study performed on university students, procrastination was shown to be greater on tasks that were perceived as unpleasant or as impositions than on tasks for which the student believed they lacked the required skills for accomplishing the task.

Another point of relevance is that of procrastination in industry. A study: The Impact of Organizational and Personal Factors on Procrastination in Employees of a Modern Russian Industrial Enterprise published in the Psychology in Russia: State of the Art journal, helped to identify the many factors that affected employees' procrastination habits. Some of which include intensity of performance evaluations, importance of their duty within a company, and their perception and opinions on management and/or upper level decisions.

Behavioral criteria of academic procrastination

Gregory Schraw, Theresa Wadkins, and Lori Olafson in 2007 proposed three criteria for a behavior to be classified as academic procrastination: it must be counterproductive, needless, and delayin. Steel reviewed all previous attempts to define procrastination, and concluded in a 2007 study that procrastination is "to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay." Sabini & Silver argued that postponement and irrationality are the two key features of procrastination. Delaying a task is not deemed as procrastination, they argue, if there are rational reasons behind the delay.

An approach that integrates several core theories of motivation as well as meta-analytic research on procrastination is the temporal motivation theory. It summarizes key predictors of procrastination (expectancy, value, and impulsiveness) into a mathematical equation.

Psychological perspective

The pleasure principle may be responsible for procrastination; one may prefer to avoid negative emotions by delaying stressful tasks. As the deadline for their target of procrastination grows closer, they are more stressed and may, thus, decide to procrastinate more to avoid this stress.Some psychologists

cite such behavior as a mechanism for coping with the anxiety associated with starting or completing any task or decision.Piers Steel indicated in 2010 that anxiety is just as likely to induce people to start working early as late, and that the focus of studies on procrastination should be impulsiveness. That is, anxiety will cause people to delay only if they are impulsive.

Coping responses

Negative coping responses of procrastination tend to be avoidant or emotional rather than task-oriented or focused on problem-solving. Emotional and avoidant coping is employed to reduce stress (and cognitive dissonance) associated with delaying intended and important personal goals. This option provides immediate pleasure and is consequently very attractive to impulsive procrastinators, at the point of discovery of the achievable goals at hand.

There are several emotion-oriented strategies, similar to Freudian defense mechanisms, coping styles and

self-handicapping.

Coping responses of procrastinators include the following.[citation needed]

Avoidance: Avoiding the location or situation where the task takes place (e.g. a graduate student avoiding driving into the university).

Denial and trivialization: Pretending that procrastinatory behavior is not actually procrastinating, but rather a task which is more important than the avoided one, or that the essential task that should be done is not of immediate importance.

Distraction: Engaging or immersing in other behaviors or actions to prevent awareness of the task (e.g. intensive video game playing or web browsing). The subject is very sensitive to instant gratification and becomes absorbed in coping behaviors beyond self-restraint.

Descending counterfactuality: Comparing consequences of one's procrastinatory behavior with others' worse situations (e.g. "Yes, I procrastinated and got a B− in the course, but I didn't fail like one other student did.)

Valorisation: Pointing in satisfaction to what one achieved in the meantime while one should have been doing something else.

Blaming: Delusional attributions to external factors, such as rationalizing that the procrastination is due to external forces beyond one's control (e.g. "I'm not procrastinating, but this assignment is tough).

Mocking: Using humor to validate one's procrastination. The person uses slapstick or slipshod methods to criticize and ridicule others' striving towards the goal.

Task- or problem-solving measures are taxing from a procrastinator's outlook. If such measures are pursued, it is less likely the procrastinator would remain a procrastinator. However, pursuing such measures requires actively changing one's behavior or situation to prevent and minimize the re-occurrence of procrastination.

In 2006, it was suggested that neuroticism has no direct links to procrastination and that any relationship is fully mediated by conscientiousness

.In 1982, it had been suggested that irrationality was an inherent feature of procrastination. "Putting things off even until the last moment isn't procrastination if there is a reason to believe that they will take only that moment".Steel et al. explained in 2001, "actions must be postponed and this postponement must represent poor, inadequate, or inefficient planning".

Cultural perspective

According to Holly McGregor & Andrew Elliot (2002); Christopher Wolters (2003), academic procrastination among portions of undergraduate students has been correlated to performance; -avoidance orientation which is one factor of the four factor model of achievement orientation.[5] Andrew Elliot and Judith Harackiewicz (1996) showed that students with a performance-avoidance orientation tend to be concerned with comparisons to their peers. These students procrastinate as a result of not wanting to look incompetent, or to avoid demonstrating a lack of ability and adopt a facade of competence for a task in front of their peers.

Gregory Arief Liem and Youyan Nie (2008) found that cultural characteristics are shown to have a direct influence on achievement orientation because it is closely aligned with most students cultural values and beliefs.[5] Sonja Dekker and Ronald Fischer's (2008) meta-analysis across thirteen different societies revealed that students from Western cultures tend to be motivated more by mastery-approach orientation because the degree of incentive value for individual achievement is strongly reflective of the values of Western culture. By contrast, most students from Eastern cultures have been found to be performancenl -avoidance orientated. They often make efforts to maintain a positive image of their abilities, which they display while in front of their peers.In addition, Hazel Rose Markus and Shinobu Kitayama 1991showed that in non-Western cultures, rather than standing out through their achievements, people tend to be motivated to become part of various interpersonal relationships and to fit in with those that are relevant to them.

Research by Sushila Niles (1998) with Australian (Western) students and Sri Lankan (Eastern) students confirm these differences, revealing that Australian students often pursued more individual goals, whereas Sri Lankan students usually desired more collaborative and social goals.Multiple studies by Kuo-Shu Yang and An-Bang Yu .1987, 1988, 1990 have indicated that individual achievement among most Chinese and Japanese students are measured by a fulfillment of their obligation and responsibility to their family network, not to an individual accomplishment. Yang and Yu (1987) have also shown that Collectivism

and Confucianism are very strong motivators for achievement in many non-Western cultures because of their emphasis on cooperation in the family unit and community. Guided by these cultural values, it is believed that the individual intuitively senses the degree of pressure that differentiates his or her factor of achievement orientation.

Health perspective

To a certain degree it is normal to procrastinate and it can be regarded as a useful way to prioritize between tasks, due to a lower tendency of procrastination on truly valued tasks (for most people).

On the other hand, excessive procrastination can become a problem and impede normal functioning. When this happens, procrastination has been found to result in health problems,

stress,anxiety, sense of guilt

and crisis as well as loss of personal productivity and social disapproval for not meeting responsibilities or commitments.

Together these feelings may promote further procrastination and for some individuals procrastination becomes almost chronic. Such procrastinators may have difficulties seeking support due to procrastination itself, but also social stigma and the belief that task-aversion is caused by laziness, lack of willpower or low ambition. In some cases problematic procrastination might be a sign of some underlying psychological disorder, but not necessarily.

Research on the physiological roots of procrastination have been concerned with the role of the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain that is responsible for executive brain functions such as impulse control, attention and planning. This is consistent with the notion that procrastination is strongly related to such functions, or a lack thereof. The prefrontal cortex also acts as a filter, decreasing distracting stimuli from other brain regions. Damage or low activation in this area can reduce one's ability to avert diversions, which results in poorer organization, a loss of attention, and increased procrastination. This is similar to the prefrontal lobe's role in ADHD, where it is commonly underactivated.

In a 2014 U.S. study surveying procrastination and impulsiveness in fraternal- and identical twin pairs, both traits were found to be "moderately heritable". The two traits were not separable at the genetic level (rgenetic 1.0), meaning no unique genetic influences of either trait alone was found.[28] The authors confirmed three constructs developed from the evolutionary hypothesis that procrastination arose as a by-product of impulsivity: "(a) Procrastination is heritable, (b) the two traits share considerable genetic variation, and (c) goal-management ability is an important component of this shared variation

Management

Psychologist William J. Knaus estimated that more than 90% of college students procrastinate. Of these students, 25% are chronic procrastinators and typically abandon higher education (college dropouts).

Perfectionism is a prime cause for procrastination because pursuing unattainable goals (perfection) usually results in failure. Unrealistic expectations destroy self-esteem and lead to self-repudiation, self-contempt, and widespread unhappiness. To overcome procrastination, it is essential to recognize and accept the power of failure without condemning,better source needed to stop focusing on faults and flaws and to set goals that are easier to achieve.

Behaviors and practices that reduce procrastination:[citation needed]

Awareness of habits and thoughts that lead to procrastinating.

Seeking help for self-defeating problems such as fear, anxiety, difficulty in concentrating, poor time management,indecisiveness,

and perfectionism.Fair evaluation of personal goals, strengths, weaknesses, and priorities.

Realistic goals and personal positive links between the tasks and the concrete, meaningful goals.

Structuring and organization of daily activities.

Modification of one's environment for that newly gained perspective: the elimination or minimization of noise or distraction; investing effort into relevant matters; and ceasing day-dreaming.

Disciplining oneself to set priorities.

Motivation with enjoyable activities, socializing and constructive hobbies.

Approaching issues in small blocks of time, instead of attempting whole problems at once and risking intimidation.

To prevent relapse, reinforce pre-set goals based on needs and allow yourself to be rewarded in a balanced way for accomplished tasks.

Making a plan to complete tasks in a rigid schedule format might not work for everyone. There is no hard-and-fast rule to follow such a process if it turns out to be counter-productive. Instead of scheduling, it may be better to execute tasks in a flexible, unstructured schedule which has time slots for only necessary activities.

Piers Steel suggests that better time management is a key to overcoming procrastination, including being aware of and using one's "power hours" (being a "morning person" or "night owl"). A good approach is to creatively utilize one's internal circadian rhythms that are best suited for the most challenging and productive work.

Steel states that it is essential to have realistic goals, to tackle one problem at a time and to cherish the "small successes". Brian O'Leary supports that "finding a work-life balance...may actually help us find ways to be more productive", suggesting that dedicating leisure activities as motivation can increase one's efficiency at handling tasks.

Procrastination is not a lifelong trait. Those likely to worry can learn to let go, those who procrastinate can find different methods and strategies to help focus and avoid impulses.

After contemplating his own procrastination habits, philosopher John Perry authored an essay entitled "Structured Procrastination",wherein he proposes a "cheat" method as a safer approach for tackling procrastination: using a pyramid scheme to reinforce the unpleasant tasks needed to be completed in a quasi-prioritized order.

Severe and negative impact

For some people, procrastination can be persistent and tremendously disruptive to everyday life. For these individuals, procrastination may be symptomatic of a psychological disorder. Procrastination has been linked to a number of negative associations, such as depression, irrational behaviour, low self-esteem, anxiety and neurological disorders such as ADHD. Others have found relationships with guilt and stress.

Therefore, it is important for people whose procrastination has become chronic and is perceived to be debilitating to seek out a trained therapist or psychiatrist to investigate whether an underlying mental health issue may be present.

With a distant deadline, procrastinators report significantly less stress and physical illness than do non-procrastinators.

However, as the deadline approaches, this relationship is reversed. Procrastinators report more stress, more symptoms of physical illness, and more medical visits, to the extent that, overall, procrastinators suffer more stress and health problems. Procrastination also has the ability to increase perfectionism and neuroticism, while decreasing conscientiousness and optimism.

Correlates

Procrastination has been linked to the complex arrangement of cognitive, affective and behavioral relationships from task desirability to low self esteem and anxiety to depression.

A study found that procrastinators were less future-oriented than their non-procrastinator counterparts. This result was hypothesized to be in association with hedonistic perspectives on the present; instead it was found procrastination was better predicted by a fatalistic and hopeless attitude towards life.

A correlation between procrastination and eveningness was observed where individuals who had later sleeping and waking patterns were more likely to procrastinate.[citation needed] It has been shown that Morningness you

increases across lifespan and procrastination decreases with age.

THIS IS ONE OF THE BEST SET OF ADVISE l HAVE EVER READ. ALL MANKIND NEEDS THIS ADVICE

Take risks in your life. If you win, you can lead; if you lose, you can guide.

People are not what they say but what they do; so judge them not from their words but from their actions.

When someone hurts you, don't feel bad because it's a law of nature that the tree that bears the sweetest fruits gets maximum number of stones.

Take whatever you can from your life because when life starts taking from you, it takes even your last breath.

In this world, people will always throw stones on the path of your success. It depends on what you make from them - a wall or a bridge.

Challenges make life interesting; overcoming them make life meaningful.

There is no joy in victory without running the risk of defeat.

A path without obstacles leads nowhere.

Past is a nice place to visit but certainly not a good place to stay.

You can't have a better tomorrow if you are thinking about yesterday all the time.

If what you did yesterday still looks big to you, then you haven't done much today.

If you don't build your dreams, someone else will hire you to build theirs.

If you don't climb the mountain; you can't view the plain.

Don't leave it idle - use your brain.

You are not paid for having brain, you are only rewarded for using it intelligently.

It is not what you don't have that limits you; it is what you have but don't know how to use.

What you fail to learn might teach you a lesson._

The difference between a corrupt person and an honest person is: The corrupt person has a price while the honest person has a value.

If you succeed in cheating someone, don't think that the person is a fool. Realize that the person trusted you much more than you deserved._

Honesty is an expensive gift; don't expect it from cheap people.

This is a very interesting post that you can benefit from

READING SOCIETY IS A STRONG SOCIETY.

.

A strong society is a reading society and creative and innovative society. They are elite, educated society in the world and they managed their Affair better that other non reading society in the world. we are educated illiterate in Nigeria because they don't read nor do research after their education. if you are not informed then you will be deformed.

The role of reading in education is undeniable. It sharpens our literacy, enhances cognitive abilities like memory and focus, and enriches our vocabulary. However, its impact goes beyond the academic. Reading is a lifelong journey of personal growth and understanding.

The Readers is more than just a brand of reading and blue-light glasses. We began with a clear idea: to make reading easier for the whole world.

The power of reading lies in its potential to make us smarter and increase our knowledge. In addition to the cognitive benefits, reading also has profound emotional advantages. Research shows that reading can help individuals develop emotional intelligence and empathy.

Books of all formats are necessary in order to facilitate learning and education. On a societal level, books enable people to gain a better overall understanding of specific topics, stimulating new thoughts and ideas in the reader which can lead to understanding and action.

A reading society or community and Nation manage their Affair better than worshipping certificate society, a reading society believe in reading and what they can do with their hand work, ideas not the society that worshipping certificate. A reading society always believe in youthful talented and using old experience for mentorship,

The reason while Africa continent remaining in one spot because we are not reading society as well as remain behind in all the other continents in the world.

we are out of information technology in Nigeria because other reading society are more are head of us in information technology.

If you want to be more intelligent begging to read and get fact about life.

BENEFITS OF READING SOCIETY.

√ reading society make use of digital technology education to run the nation economy Affair better the non reading society.

√ The reading society are elite and educated people and manage there natural resources better.

√ They managed their society well and orderly.

√ They have better ideas of using information technology well than non reading society.

√ They have good research institute room in the world .

√ Reading society manage their finance better then non reading society and they are more discipline.

WHAT WE NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT BUSINESS PLAN.

As a youths you needs not do yahoo bandits, kidnappers, robbers picked pockets to succeed. What is you needs is good business proposal and business plan.

Business plan is a road map that has positive plans with principles that provides direction and guide for our business in future.

A business plan also a road map down that provides directions and guide lines for future business

We have 2 types of Business plan

√ Traditional business plan

√ Customize Business plan

4 Category of Business plan are as follows.

✓ Operations Business plan

✓ Strategy Business plan

✓ Tactical Business plan

✓ Contingency Business plan .

5 Things we needs in business plan are as follows.

@ THE MANAGEMENT ASPECT: They are the activities managing the entire business, we have 3 types of management, top management, Middle Management and lower class Management.

@ TECHNICAL KNOW HOW: of the heart of the business that they might not actively involved in managerial aspect business but they are the specialist and technocrats of the entire business.

@ SALES DOG ASPECT : They are the marketers of the entire business and I regard them as the back bone of the entire business, they are the engine room of the business that bring income to the organization.

@ WATCH DOG ASPECT : they are the admin of the entire business, they protect the working capital such as fixed asset and liquid assets of the entire business eg Accountant and the administrative professionals. They in charge of the entire staffs in the organization.

SECURITY ASPECT IS PARAMOUNT:

This department are the one of critical aspect of the business because if they are is know security store, the work done will be invaine because we has some Smart staff and the external smart robbers around the organization.

CRITICAL NOTE:

I don't want to discuss these aspect of business plan because, this is what I used to make money at time.

I am into business plan and business proposal for the business men and women.

I am black jewelry my hand can reach anywhere in the world. I am ebooks author on major social media across the world.

AVOID LIVING & WORKING WITH WRONG PHILOSOPHIES, THINK AND CHANGE.

1. "WHATEVER WILL BE, WILL BE".

Whatever will be will not be, you have to make it be. You have part to play in what will be in your life, so don't leave it chance.

2. "HALF BREAD IS BETTER THAN NONE !"

Why settle for half bread when you can get a full bread or even own a bakery. This is a limiting belief that positions you to settle for less and it is a mediocre philosophy.

3. "A FOOL AT FORTY IS A FOOL FOREVER".

A fool at any age can be a fool forever if he refuses to let go of his foolishness. It is never too late to become wise because the day you wake up and wise up is the day you CHANGE!

4. "ALL FINGERS ARE NOT EQUAL".

Yes! fingers are not equal but that does not make any of them valueless. You are not even a finger, so why look down on yourself.

5. "LIFE BEGINS AT FORTY".

If you are below forty and believe this, I feel so sorry for you because it means you are not yet alive. Your life has already begun!

6. "WHAT GOES UP MUST COME DOWN".

Well, not everything!

Is your age coming down?

Is your wisdom and knowledge coming down?

Is the price of goods coming down? Think my friend!

7. "HE WHO LAUGHS LAST, LAUGHS BEST!"

Why laugh last when you can laugh always and why laugh best when laughter is not a competition. When we program ourselves with these strange philosophies, they limit and restrict us.

8. "THE DEVIL YOU KNOW, IS BETTER THAN THE ANGEL YOU DON'T KNOW".

Why do you want to associate with the devil, the devil depicts evil, no matter how you want to make it look. The Angel you don't even know is doing its primary assignment of guarding you always. Nothing good comes from the devil. Desist from such philosophy.

Change the way you think and talk..

changing your mindset will change your life. Wishing you a great night and week ahead.

THE WEAPON IS IN YOUR HAND

Their is a king in you, until you know who you are before you can rule the world.

Rules the world involve the use of wisdom knowledge and understanding, you can become anything in this world, if you can pay the price, Anything you want in this life hidden under your knowledge and in your ✋hand , One of my mentor said that if your brain disappointed you then don't lets your hand disapoint you.

Remember that a king and queen must not be finds in a dirty place, a dirty places made for a dirty people. A right personality always finds in a right places not wrong places, when life challenge you then you have to challenge life back.if not you will sink under the challenges and predicaments of life. life is a school but predicaments are the experience of life and everyone will passes through the challenges of life in different ways.

Always follow the principles of life that govern the life before you can be a king or queen in life we are living. Until you follow the principles that govern the life , life become challenges, difficulties predicaments and problems because their is time to plant seeds and time to harvest seeds showed. Remember that their is a king in you . 🦁 Lion is a king of jungle but it's has to continue to struggle and running faster to achieve it daily means. The animal that running after you determine the rate of your speed for you not to be consumed under this life. You can't be in font of war fare and be sleeping, you have must make use of weapon in your hand faster. if you flod your hand at zone then then you are a deaths person because other people or enemies weapon will hits to you finally. The business ideas hidden under the knowledge.

The mystery secrets of wisdom business hidden under your knowledge of life. if you to build solids building then you have to start with solid foundation, The weapon to breakthrough is in your ✋ hands. Always think positive, think possibility and make use of information at tips of your hands at the right time because time waited for nobody, time is money, information is inter-locolus. They are is King in you because have the power to breakthrough in life with your demination. You have the power to prevail over your enemy.

Always thinks about these.