Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation

Chapter 19

VINCENT: I like well, good uncle, all your answers therein. But

one doubt yet remaineth there in my mind, which ariseth upon this

answer that you make. And when that doubt is solved, I will, mine

own good uncle, encumber you no further for this time. For

methinketh that I do you very much wrong to give you occasion to

labour yourself so much in matter of some study, with long talking

at once. I will therefore at this time move you but one thing, and

seek some other time at your greater ease for the rest.

My doubt, good uncle, is this: I perceive well by your answers,

gathered and considered together, that you will well agree that a

man may both have worldly wealth and yet well go to God; and that,

on the other hand, a man may be miserable and live in tribulation

and yet go to the devil. And as a man may please God by patience in

adversity, so may he please God by thanks given in prosperity. Now

since you grant these things to be such that either of them both

may be matter of virtue or else matter of sin, matter of damnation

or matter of salvation, they seem neither good nor bad of their own

nature, but things of themselves equal and indifferent, turning to

good or to the contrary according as they be taken. And then if

this be thus, I can perceive no cause why you should give the

pre-eminence unto tribulation, or wherefore you should reckon more

cause of comfort in it than in prosperity, but rather a great deal

less--in a manner, by half.

For in prosperity a man is well at ease, and may also, by giving

thanks to God, get good unto his soul; whereas in tribulation,

though he may merit by patience (as the other, in abundance of

worldly wealth, may merit by thanks), yet lacketh he much comfort

that the wealthy man hath, in that he is sore grieved with

heaviness and pain. Besides, a wealthy man, well at ease, may pray

to God quietly and merrily with alacrity and great quietness of

mind, whereas he who lieth groaning in his grief cannot endure to

pray nor can he hardly think upon anything but his pain.

ANTHONY: To begin, cousin, where you leave off: The prayers of him

that is in wealth and him that is in woe, if the men be both

wicked, are both alike. For neither hath the one desire to pray,

nor the other either. And as one is hindered with his pain, so is

the other with his pleasure--saving that pain stirreth a man

sometimes to call upon God in his grief, though he be right bad,

whereas pleasure pulleth his mind another way, though he be good

enough.

And this point I think there are few that can, if they say true,

say that they find it otherwise. For in tribulation (which cometh,

you know, in sundry kinds) any man that is not a dull beast or a

desperate wretch calleth upon God, not hoverly but right heartily,

and setteth his heart full whole upon his request, so sore he

longeth for ease and help of his heaviness. But when we are wealthy

and well at our ease, while our tongue pattereth upon our prayers

apace--good God, how many mad ways our mind wandereth the while!

Yet I know well that in some tribulation there is such sore

sickness or other grievous bodily pain that it would be hard for a

man to say a longer prayer of matins. And yet some who lie dying

say full devoutly the seven psalms and other prayers with the

priest at their anointing. But those who for the grief of their

pain cannot endure to do it, or who are more tender and lack that

strong heart and stomach that some others have, God requireth no

such long prayers of them. But the lifting up of their heart alone,

without any words at all, is more acceptable to him from one in

such a state, than long service so said as folk usually say it in

health. The martyrs in their agony made no long prayers aloud, but

one inch of such a prayer, so prayed in that pain, was worth a

whole ell or more, even of their own prayers, prayed at some other

time.

Great learned men say that Christ, albeit that he was true God, and

as God was in eternal equal bliss with his Father, yet as man

merited not only for us but for himself too. For proof of this they

lay in these words the authority of St. Paul: "Christ hath humbled

himself, and became obedient unto the death, and that unto the

death of the cross; for which thing God hath also exalted him and

given him a name which is above all names, that in the name of

Jesus every knee be bowed, both of the celestial creatures and of

the terrestrial and of the infernal too, and that every tongue

shall confess that our lord Jesus Christ is in the glory of God his

Father." Now if it be so as these great learned men say, upon such

authorities of holy scripture, that our Saviour merited as man, and

as man deserved reward not for us only but for himself also; then

were there in his deeds, it seemeth, sundry degrees and differences

of deserving. His washing of the disciples' feet was not, then, of

like merit as his passion, nor his sleep of like merit as his vigil

and his prayer--no, nor his prayers peradventure all of like merit,

either. But though there was not, nor could be, in his most blessed

person any prayer but was excellent and incomparably surpassing the

prayer of any mere creature, yet his own were not all alike, but

one far above another. And then if it thus be, of all his holy

prayers, the chief seemeth me those that he made in his great agony

and pain of his bitter passion. The first was when he thrice fell

prostrate in his agony, when the heaviness of his heart with fear

of death at hand, so painful and so cruel as he well beheld it,

made such a fervent commotion in his blessed body that the bloody

sweat of his holy flesh dropped down on the ground. The others were

the painful prayers that he made upon the cross, where, for all the

torment that he hanged in--of beating, nailing, and stretching out

all his limbs, with the wresting of his sinews and breaking of his

tender veins, and the sharp crown of thorns so pricking him into

the head that his blessed blood streamed down all his face--in all

these hideous pains, in all their cruel despites, yet two very

devout and fervent prayers he made. One was for the pardon of those

who so dispiteously put him to his pain, and the other about his

own deliverance, commending his own soul to his holy Father in

heaven. These prayers of his, made in his most pain, among all that

ever he made, reckon I for the chief. And these prayers of our

Saviour at his bitter passion, and of his holy martyrs in the

fervour of their torment, shall serve us to see that there is no

prayer made at pleasure so strong and effectual as that made in

tribulation.

Now come I to the reasoning you make, when you tell me that I grant

you that both in wealth and in woe a man may be wicked and offend

God, in the one by impatience and in the other by fleshly lust. And

on the other hand, both in tribulation and prosperity too, a man

may also do very well and deserve thanks of God by thanksgiving to

God for his gift of riches, worship, and wealth, as well as for his

gift of need and penury, imprisonment, sickness, and pain. And

therefore you cannot see why I should give any pre-eminence in

comfort unto tribulation, but you would rather allow prosperity for

the thing more comforting. And that not a little, but in manner by

double, since therein hath the soul comfort and the body too--the

soul by thanksgiving unto God for his gifts, and the body by being

well at ease--whereas the person pained in tribulation taketh no

comfort but in his soul alone.

First, as for your double comfort, cousin, you may cut off the one!

For a man in prosperity, though he be bound to thank God for his

gifts, wherein he feeleth ease, and may be glad also that he giveth

thanks to God; yet hath he little cause of comfort in that he

taketh his ease here, unless you wish to call by the name of

comfort the sensual feeling of bodily pleasure. I deny not that

sometimes men so take it, when they say, "This good drink

comforteth well mine heart." But comfort, cousin, is properly

taken, by them that take it right, rather for the consolation of

good hope that men take in their heart, of some good growing toward

them, than for a present pleasure with which the body is delighted

and tickled for a while.

Now, though a man without patience can have no reward for his pain,

yet when his pain is patiently taken for God's sake and his will

conformed to God's pleasure therein, God rewardeth the sufferer in

proportion to his pain. And this thing appeareth by many a place in

scripture, some of which I have showed you and yet shall I show you

more. But never found I any place in scripture that I remember in

which, though a rich man thanked God for his gifts, our Lord

promised him any reward in heaven for the very reason that he took

his ease and his pleasures here. And therefore, since I speak only

of such comfort as is true comfort indeed, by which a man hath hope

of God's favour and remission of his sins, with diminishing of his

pain in purgatory or else reward in heaven; and since such comfort

cometh of tribulation well taken, but not of pleasure even though

it be well taken; therefore of your comfort that you double by

prosperity, you may, as I told you, very well cut away the half.

Now, why I give prerogative in comfort unto tribulation far above

prosperity, though a man may do well in both, of this will I show

you causes two or three. First, as I before have at length showed

you out of all question, continual wealth interrupted with no

tribulation is a very discomfortable token of everlasting

damnation. Thereupon it followeth that tribulation is one cause of

comfort unto a man's heart, in that it dischargeth him of the

discomfort that he might of reason take of overlong-lasting wealth.

Another is, that the scripture much commendeth tribulation as

occasion of more profit than wealth and prosperity, not only to

those who are therein but to those who resort unto them too. And

therefore saith Ecclesiastes, "Better is it to go to the house of

weeping and wailing for some man's death, than to the house of a

feast; for in that house of heaviness is a man put in remembrance

of the end of every man, and while he liveth he thinketh what shall

come after." And after yet he further saith, "The heart of wise men

is where heaviness is, and the heart of fools is where there is

mirth and gladness." And verily, where you shall hear worldly mirth

seem to be commended in scripture, it is either commonly spoken, as

in the person of some worldly-disposed people, or else understood

of spiritual rejoicing, or else meant of some small moderate

refreshing of the mind against a heavy and discomfortable dullness.

Now, prosperity was promised to the children of Israel in the old

law as a special gift of God, because of their imperfection at that

time, to draw them to God with gay things and pleasant, as men, to

make children learn, give them cake-bread and butter. For, as the

scripture maketh mention, that people were much after the manner of

children in lack of wit and in waywardness. And therefore was their

master Moses called Pedagogus, that is, a teacher of children or

(as they call such a one in the grammar schools) an "usher" or

"master of the petits." For, as St. Paul saith, "the old law

brought nothing unto perfection." And God also threateneth folk

with tribulation in this world for sin, not because worldly

tribulation is evil, but that we should well beware of the sickness

of sin for fear of the thing to follow. For that thing, though it

be indeed a very good wholesome thing if we take it well, is yet,

because it is painful, the thing that we are loth to have. But this

I say yet again and again, that the scripture undoubtedly so

commandeth tribulation as far the better thing in this world toward

the getting of the true good that God giveth in the world to come,

that in comparison it utterly discommendeth this worldly wretched

wealth and discomfortable comfort. For to what other thing tend the

words of Ecclesiastes that I rehearsed to you now, that it is

better to be in the house of heaviness than to be at a feast?

Whereto tendeth this comparison of his, that the wise man's heart

draweth thither where folk are in sadness, and the heart of a fool

is where he may find mirth? Whereto tendeth this threat of the wise

man, that he who delighteth in wealth shall fall into woe?

"Laughter," saith he, "shall be mingled with sorrow, and the end of

mirth is taken up with heaviness." And our Saviour saith himself,

"Woe be to you that laugh, for you shall weep and wail." But he

saith, on the other hand, "Blessed are they that weep and wail, for

they shall be comforted." And he saith to his disciples, "The world

shall rejoice and you shall be sorry, but your sorrow shall be

turned into joy." And so it is now, as you well know, and the mirth

of many who then were in joy is now turned all to sorrow. And thus

you see plainly by scripture that, in matter of true comfort,

tribulation is as far above prosperity as the day is about the

night.

Another pre-eminence of tribulation over wealth, in occasion of

merit and reward, shall well appear upon certain considerations

well marked in them both. Tribulation meriteth in patience and in

the obedient conforming of the man's will unto God, and in thanks

given to God for his visitation. If you reckon me now, against

these, many other good deeds that a wealthy man may do--as, by

riches to give alms, or by authority to labour in doing many men

justice--or if you find further any other such thing; first, I say

that the patient person in tribulation hath, in all these virtues

of a wealthy man, an occasion of merit which the wealthy man hath

not. For it is easy for the person who is in tribulation to be well

willing to do the selfsame thing if he could. And then shall his

good will, where the power lacketh, go very near to the merit of

the deed. But the wealthy man, now, is not in a like position with

regard to the will of patience and conformity and thanks given to

God for tribulation. For the wealthy man is not so ready to be

content to be in tribulation, which is the occasion of the

sufferer's deserving, as the troubled person is to be content to be

in prosperity, to do the good deeds that the wealthy man doth.

Besides this, all that the wealthy man doth, though he could not do

them without those things that are counted for wealth and called by

that name--as, not do great alms without great riches, nor do these

many men right by his labour without great authority--yet may he do

these things being not in wealth indeed. As where he taketh his

wealth for no wealth and his riches for no riches, and in heart

setteth by neither one, but secretly liveth in a contrite heart and

a penitential life, as many times did the prophet David, being a

great king, so that worldly wealth was no wealth to him. And

therefore worldly wealth is not of necessity the cause of these

good deeds, since he may do them (and he doth them best, indeed) to

whom the thing that worldly folk call wealth is yet, for his

godly-set mind, withdrawn from the delight thereof, no pleasure nor

wealth at all.

Finally, whenever the wealthy man doth those good virtuous deeds,

if we rightly consider the nature of them, we shall perceive that

in the doing of them he doth ever, for the ratio and proportion of

those deeds, diminish the matter of his worldly wealth. In giving

great alms, he parteth with a certain amount of his worldly goods,

which are in that amount the matter of his wealth. In labouring

about the doing of many good deeds, his labour diminisheth his

quiet and his rest, and to that extent it diminisheth his wealth,

if pain and wealth be each contrary to the other, as I think you

will agree that they are. Now, whosoever then will well consider

the thing, he shall, I doubt not, perceive and see that in these

good deeds that the wealthy man doth, though it be his wealth that

maketh him able to do them, yet in so far as he doth them he

departeth in that proportion from the nature of wealth toward the

nature of some tribulation. And therefore even in those good deeds

themselves that prosperity doth, the prerogative in goodness of

tribulation above wealth doth appear.

Now if it happen that some man cannot perceive this point because

the wealthy man, for all his alms, abideth rich still, and for all

his good labour abideth still in his authority, let him consider

that I speak only according to proportion. And because the

proportion of all that he giveth of his goods is very little in

respect of what he leaveth, therefore is the reason haply with some

folk little perceived. But if it were so that he went on giving

until he had given out all, and left himself nothing, then would

even a blind man see it. For as he would be come from riches to

poverty, so would he be willingly fallen from wealth into

tribulation. And in respect of labour and rest, the same would be

true. Whosoever can consider this, shall see that, in every good

deed done by the wealthy man, the matter is proportionately the

same.

Then, since we have somewhat weighed the virtues of prosperity, let

us consider on the other hand the afore-named things that are the

matter of merit and reward in tribulation--that is, patience,

conformity, and thanksgiving. Patience the wealthy man hath not, in

so far as he is wealthy. For if he be pinched in any point in which

he taketh patience, to that extent he suffereth some tribulation.

And so not by his prosperity but by his tribulation hath he that

merit. It is the same if we would say that the wealthy man hath

another virtue instead of patience--that is, the keeping of himself

from pride and such other sins as wealth would bring him to. For

the resisting of such motions is, as I before told you, without any

doubt a diminishing of fleshly wealth, and is a very true kind (and

one of the most profitable kinds) of tribulation. So all that good

merit groweth to the wealthy man not by his wealth but by the

diminishing of his wealth with wholesome tribulation.

The most colour of comparison is in the other two; that is, in the

conformity of man's will unto God, and in thanks given unto God.

For as the good man, in tribulation sent him by God, conformeth his

will to God's will in that behalf, and giveth God thanks for it; so

doth the wealthy man, in his wealth which God giveth him, conform

his will to God in that point, since he is well content to take it

as his gift, and giveth God also right hearty thanks for it. And

thus, as I said, in these two things can you catch the most colour

to compare the wealthy man's merit with the merit of tribulation.

But yet that they be not matches, you may soon see by this: For no

one can conform his will unto God's in tribulation and give him

thanks for it, but such a man as hath in that point a very

specially good disposition. But he that is truly wicked, or hath in

his heart but very little good, may well be content to take wealth

at God's hand, and say, "Marry, I thank you, sir, for this with all

my heart, and I will not fail to love you well--while you let me

fare no worse!" _Confitebitur tibi, c*m benefeceris ei._ Now, if

the wealthy man be very good, yet, in conformity of his will and

thanksgiving to God for his wealth, his virtue is not like to that

of him who doth the same in tribulation. For, as the philosophers

said very well of old, "virtue standeth in things of hardness and

difficulty." And then, as I told you, it is much less hard and less

difficult, by a great deal, to be content and conform our will to

God's will and to give him thanks, too, for our ease than for our

pain, for our wealth and for our woe. And therefore the conforming

of our will to God's and the thanks that we give him for our

tribulation are more worthy of thanks in return, and merit more

reward in the very fast wealth and felicity of heaven, than our

conformity and our thanksgiving for our worldly wealth here.

And this thing saw the devil, when he said to our Lord of Job that

it was no marvel if Job had a reverent fear unto God--God had done

so much for him, and kept him in prosperity. But the devil knew

well that it was a hard thing for Job to be so loving, and so to

give thanks to God, in tribulation and adversity. And therefore was

he glad to get leave of God to put him in tribulation, and trusted

thereby to cause him to murmur and grudge against God with

impatience. But the devil had there a fall in his own turn, for the

patience of Job in the short time of his adversity got him much

more favour and thanks of God, and more is he renowned and

commended in scripture for that, than for all the goodness of his

long prosperous life. Our Saviour saith himself, also, that if we

say well by them or yield them thanks who do us good, we do no

great thing, and therefore can we with reason look for no great

thanks in return.

And thus have I showed you, lo, no little pre-eminence that

tribulation hath in merit, and therefore no little pre-eminence of

comfort in hope of heavenly reward, above the virtues (the merit

and cause of good hope and comfort) that come of wealth and

prosperity.