We talked for several minutes. She explained that Manfred’s business was going well. He had seven lumber mills throughout the archipelago, and most of his business was with Germany—especially the mahogany and teak. She talked a bit about her own life, her grandchildren and life in the Philippines in general.
Even though the Philippine-American War formally ended in 1902, with U.S. civil government replacing military rule, the war in the primarily Islamic states in the south continued until 1913 with the defeat of the Moro resistance.
“We thought things would get better in 1907 when the Filipino people elected a new national assembly,” Grace said. “But it was ineffective because the American governor-general of the Philippine Islands still holds all the power. Mr. Battles, we are still a
