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(IGCSE Geography)Pressure and winds of Pakistan

PRESSURE AND WINDS OF PAKISTAN

SUMMER

.during the summer season,the temp of central pakistan is high

. this causes the hot air to rise up and create a low pressure zone

.at the same time temp in ocean is low this is because water absorb and discharge heat slowly as compared to land

..the air pressure at sea and ocean is higher, which leads to monsoon winds from sea land , the winds have moisture and bring heavy rainfall in upper and lower indus plain

WINTER

.in winter the whole situation is reversed

.the pressure on land increases which create high pressure zone in land

.the summer monsoons is replaced by winter monsoons

.these winds are dry and light

EFFECTIVE OF RAINFALL

.the rainfall of pakistan is mostly from monsoon and western depression

.the monsoon wind bring rainfall in summer season, which is variable in timing,amount,distribution, that’s why it’s not effective for farming sector.

.the monsoon rainfall come in heavy shower, the crops don’t absorbs the water , the most of water drain to low lying areas which causes flood,however the dams on indus river and its tributaries help store extra water which is later utilized in dry season

.only small fraction of potwar plateau have irrigation system the rest is barani land, it’s due to impracticality of lifting irrigation water up to flat plateau

.the winter rainfall is more effective for farmers, it comes in light showers and continue for several days, however the amount is not sufficient and can’t be relied upon

.it occurs in western and northern regions of pakistan

.therefore the rainfall in pakistan is neither dependable nor the amount is sufficient, however in some parts of potwar plateau and punjab there are rainfed and barani subsistence farm,its not possible to develop irrigation system in plateau region

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY IN REGIONS OF PAKISTAN

.pakistan have diversity of climate due to differences in physical landscape

HIGHLAND ZONES

.severe winter and mild summer characterize the climate of northern and north-westren mountains, the temp falls below freezing point

.due to this the growth of trees decreases, grass are covered with snow and in some area the river and torrents freezes

.the people of northern mountains are involved in indoor activities like carpet weaving and pottery etc

.transhumance is practiced i.e moving flocks up to highland in summer and returning to lowland in winter

.most of pathan tribes live in nomadic, due to cold winters they have to move their flocks to lowland areas e.g vale of peshawar which is the greenest part of this region

.many areas aren’t accessible due to heavy snowfall and landslides blocking the transport lnk, there are less job opportunities and economics activities are difficult to curry out

.the western highlands and mountains of balochistan is sparsely populated due to harsh physical condition, the lack of water discourages human settlements, crops cultivation isn’t possibles due to difficult terrain

ARID ZONES

.THE zone occur in south eastern deserts with low rainfall , mild winter and extreme summer.

.the region is deficient in moisture, and have extreme temperatures which isn’t ideal for habitation and crops cultivation.

.nomadic lifestyle is practiced, the tribes are mostly balochis, brahuis, pathans, the move with their animals in search of water.

.due to scanty rainfall and high evapo-transpiration karez system is practice, it have narrow canals, karez starts from the base of hill or mountains where subsoil water is present,after coming to the surface, it irrigate the agricultural fields, which are protected by date palms, this method prevents excessive evapo-transpiration.

LOWLAND ZONE

.the fertile plain of punjab, the summer are extremely hot and winters are cool

.the punjabi plain is the most productive area of pakistan, in case of varied or irregular rainfall, there is well-developed irrigation system to use raise crops like wheat, millet, sugarcane etc

.it’s the most densely populated area due to alluvial plain and tolerable temp.

COASTAL AREAS

.pakistan have delta coastline in sindh and makran coast of balochistan, for e.g karachi, thatta, badin are important centre of sindh coastline.

.karachi has mild climate, with cool winters and hot summer,however the proximity to the sea maintains humidity at high level and sea breezes cool down the summer heat

.winter are considered the most suitable for karachi , with many social events taking place

.the climate of makran coast is dry and hot, the oceanic influences keeps the temp low in summer and high in winters

.the precipitation affect the water supply in gwadar, most of water is provided through reservoirs which are rainfed

.due to mild climate of sindh, farming is possible almost throughout the year depending on the availability of water from irrigation channels, rails and transport links are rarely closed, seaports are open all of the year to maintain the flow of trade , air transport are rarely closed due to harsh climate.

.however during summer, topical cyclones causes flood in low lying areas which affects infrastructure and roads, fishing is impossible due to wild sea therefore, fishing communities suffer economic loses .