pak studies geography and history both Cambridge easy notes for free by nomorehardwork

CLIMATE RIVER FLOODS .river provide attraction to human settlement .water is a vital resource to people for drinking, washing ,industrial processes, transport .however, excess water can cause severe flood .the indus and its tributaries swell water almost every year overflow their bank .most year the flood isn’t serious, but every 7-8 years there are severe floods for e.g 1950 , 1974 etc .in 1950, the flood drowned 2420 villages, taking live of 400 people and 70,000 cattles , the ravi syphon was destroyed, the repairing cost was around RS 83 million. PREVENTATIVE MEASURES FOR FLOOD .planting trees on foothill to check the flow of running water .enlarging the river channels so it can store more water .building embankments to avoid the flow of flood water .building extra channels to take the flood water out of town or cities .building reservoir to control extra discharge .avoid building in areas where flooding is most likely .awareness of flood through radio and television .evacuation of flooded areas and providing necessary rehabilitation BENEFITS OF FLOODS .The floods return nutrients to land and contribute to health of wetlands, the wetlands in indus delta help flood to spread over vast areas without causing damage .floods distribute rich nutrients to land,it spread alluvium layer which is beneficial,the farmer in indus plains selected appropriate type of rice to enable them to face seasonal flood .flood allow river and stream to overflow naturally, which prevent future flood .increase fish production in arabian sea which is attributed to the nutrient rich of indus delta .increase the breeding if inland freshwater fish .flood recharge ground water supplies STORMS .thunderstorm are common in northern and north-western parts of pakistan .in summer and monsoon, the atmospheric pressure falls and convectional currents cause heavy rainfall, accompanied by winds from 60-80 km per hour,in northern part of pakistan .the winds damage the crops like apple,pear etc . in summer season, in southern and northern parts of balochistan, due to low pressure, dust storm is experienced, sometimes, the dust storm hit northern parts of pakistan, the windstorm damages crops, block transport link and effect the supply electricity/communication .tropical cyclone affects coastal area of sindh, in 1999 a cyclone name ‘2A’ hit coastal area of sindh, causing spread damage and damaging thousands of homes . the damage of cyclone increases if relief team either delayed or not reach at all .there is a need that coastal area should have proper arrangements including flood monitoring, proper warning system and ready relief team DROUGHT IN PAKISTAN .it’s a natural hazard that can present a big threat to those who live on the land .lack of rainfall results in severe water shortages .in many poor countries the drought bring famine and take thousands of lives FOUR TYPES OF DROUGHT .permanent drought: occur when crop cultivation is not possible, there is no irrigation e.g THAL .seasonal drought: occur when in area with well defined rainfall for e.g punjab .invisible drought:occur when there is water deficiency in crop yield, it’s not severe .unpredictable drought:occur when there is low rainfall and occur in areas with humid climate