clurrence mogaka

 Taking An Overview  Evidence View And The Ideology Of Politics In The Making Of American Criminal Justice Policy. Crime And Justice, And Its Influence In The Justice System       Student’s Name Institutional Affiliations Course Name Instructors Name Date                   Section 1: Brief Article Summary Section I discusses patterns of crime and victimization rates and trends since the 1960s and 1970s.post-1960 there was an increase in violent crime in most western societies preceded by a much longer period of decline. This article describes broad public policy approaches for dealing with crime: criminal law enforcement, prevention, harm reduction, regulation, decriminalization, and nonintervention obscured by the occurrence of three great surges of violent crime which began back in 1850 to 1900 and 1960(cook,1979, pg. 743). This was attributed to an upsurge attributed and was characterized by rising in homicides among the black community. Since 1960 there were some drastic changes to these climes which long-term declining trend is a manifestation of cultural change in Western society, especially the growing sensitization to violence and the development of increased internal and external controls on aggressive behavior associated with the blacks due to the oppression nature from slave trade and inequality.  In section 2, it describes the organization of the justice system, its failures, and its mandate in reducing crime, issues concerning crime, its causes, and its cures. Section three discussed the increase of imprisonment since 1973 of the black community and what the justice system was expected to do. Punishment methods, processes, segments, sequences, and trends differ greatly from one state to another. All use a mix of kind prison terms, community punishments, beheading community penalties, such as probation and community service, and fines and bonds, but the details vary greatly since the mid-1960s .crime and punishment have often been treated as major ideological and partisan issues in American elections (Beckett 1997, pg 23).  The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967) long ago observed that to describe it as a system, at all is at least an exaggeration and probably a misnomer implored to the citizens of the united states. In 1970 the U.S. imprisonment rate was 160 per 100,000 people, lower than in some Western countries. In this paper, we will try to examine the justice system, punishment patterns, increased imprisonment from 1973 based on Michael Tonry article and the changes which have taken place in the justice system Section 2: My Reaction The evidence about deterrence is uncertain and contested. The fairest generalizations are that certainty with no doubts the punishment is more important than severity and that the jury is out on the question of marginal and capital deterrence, whether incremental increases in punishment have deterrent effects (Tonry 2008, pg. 8). Some reviews of the evidence conclude that the marginal deterrence hypothesis cannot be confirmed. Imprisonment among black Americans has long been five to eight times higher than that for whites Americans across the western nations. The immediate causes are well known to be high levels of black imprisonment resulting in part from higher black than white arrest rates for violent crime and vastly higher black d**g arrest rates due to inequality and history based on the blacks. Evidence on the cost-effectiveness of alternative policy choices is in better shape, especially about choices between investment in law enforcement and developmental prevention or rehabilitative programs. Drug arrest disparities result from police decisions to concentrate attention on drugs blacks sell and places where they sell them. Prison disparities are aggravated by-laws prescribing sentences of unprecedented severity for offenses for which blacks are disproportionately arrested. Despite all these changes made in the legal system there seems to have a less or fair improvement in the way blacks have been treated over the years. This brings to us a question of what changes are being done to the changes made to laws when the blacks are being mistreated? If crime prevention and a reduction might be made more effective and by punishing an individual or a certain race, it should be done only if the suffering melted and caused for prospective victims was greater than the suffering to be imposed on individual offenders. The state should be unanimous and parsimonious in the imposition of suffering. The parsimony principle was believed to be the notion that no suffering should be imposed in the name of crime prevention more than the minimum necessary to achieve valid public ends, which remains influential (Anderson,1994, pg1). Many blacks ended up being severely punished more than their victims and this was due to the color and race used against them. This kind of behavior acquired fewer results since the victims saw their suffering not as for corrections but judged based on their color and race. American approaches to control g*n crime. Many states, counties, and cities have laws that limit who can buy guns and under what circumstances. Almost all states require waiting periods, all require identity checks, criminal records and some require completion of g*n safety education. None of these is especially effective at controlling g*n violence (Cook and Ludwig 2001, pg. 24). Crime is a personal decision and it is something that should be based on someone thought and how it is perceived. The government should create job opportunities to reduce crime and rather than imprisoning the offenders they should rehabilitate more since the criminal end but the cycle for crime continues. If they can be able to tame the production of drugs production, then they can curtail d**g trafficking. correctional treatment programs8 and developmental interventions target-in factors in early childhood associated with high rates of delinquency and antisocial behavior. Developmental researchers have identified a wide range of risk and protective factors related to problem behaviors and have researched developed, tested, and implemented interventions that change young men. Society view that a criminal must always be imprisoned is an assumption that they should pay and rather than the society working for the betterment of these criminals, their main aim is not to transform but to ruin and punish the criminal which does not end the cycle of crime in the world people’s lives for the better tomorrow.                                     List of References Anderson, D.A., 1999. The aggregate burden of crime. The Journal of Law and Economics, 42(2), pp.611-642. Travis, J., Western, B. and Redburn, F.S., 2014. The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences. Cook, P.J., 1979. The effect of g*n availability on robbery and robbery-murder. Policy studies review annual, 3, pp.743-81.